Alcoholics Anonymous â€Nursing Essay

Alcoholics Anonymous is a close-knit program which is a very successful method of recovery for alcoholism. The program was the first of many to adopt the twelve step approach to recovery. This program is three dimensional: spiritually, mentally and physically which is represented in the twelve steps. The steps stress anonymousness, kindness and rejuvenation within all members. It gives recovering alcoholics a place to feel comfortable and unashamed to know others are going through the same recovery. Members are encouraged to be sponsored by a companion recovering alcoholic with more experience in the program to help to better understand AA. The sponsor is the same gender as the member and usually the relationship between the two is a gift that both members can benefit from. The Twelve steps are as follows: 1. We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had become unmanageable. 2. Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. 3. Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him. 4. Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves. 5. Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs. 6. Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character. 7. Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings. 8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all. 9. Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others. 10. Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it. 11. Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out. 12. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs. When I went to the AA meeting, I noticed that this disease of alcoholism affects all ages, socioeconomic groups and both genders. Not being an alcoholic, I did not think I would enjoy/benefit from the meeting–but I was indeed wrong. The feeling of support, unification and encouragement that the group portrayed is indestructible. Members of the group listened and strengthened one and other. I think Alcoholics anonymous is something that is very special and anyone suffering from an addiction to alcohol would profit from.

Human Papillomavirus Essay

The human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established as a substantial threat to public health among the sexually active youth of America. HPV is a common sexually transmitted disease that primarily affects women. It is also responsible for thousands of cancer related deaths each year. There are about 20 million Americans each year that are currently infected with HPV and nearly 5 million people will become newly infected this year with the virus. There are over 100 different strains of HPV, however only four are primarily responsible for causing substantial health complications such as genital warts and cervical cancer. Nevertheless, recent efforts to eliminate these most dominant strains have proven to be extremely victorious with the development of a unique vaccine that can exhibit an extraordinary level of efficiency. As a result, the pervasiveness of HPV has begun to slowly dwindle, but the virus still continues to violently infect millions of sexually active individuals who still remain unexposed to proper vaccination. Of the 100 different HPV strains, types 16 and 18 have been proven to cause cervical cancer. Although cervical cancer is able to be prevented, it is the second most common gynecologic cancer worldwide and the third most common cancer amongst women in the United States. In 2008 alone, 11,070 new cases of cervical cancer were diagnosed in the United States, and among these, 3,870 cases were fatal (Linton 235). In order to effectively protect themselves, it is necessary that women frequently obtain regular cervical cancer screenings and Pap tests to detect any precancerous lesions early on and subsequently prevent any instance of invasive cervical cancer from taking a potentially fatal course. Ultimately, the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer are much higher among women who do not obtain these regular screenings. Pap testing is an effective strategy for reducing the risk of invasive cervical cancer. Pap smear screening involves taking cells from the cervix to identify the presence of any abnormal or precancerous cells. In an effort to combat the growing number of cervical cancer cases among young women in the United States, the Center for Disease Control recommends that women receive a Pap test within the first two years following their first sexual encounter (Roland 8). Moreover, since the virus infects women ages 14 – 24 more prevalently than any other age group, it is vital that every woman receives at least one pap smear before they reach 21 years of age, followed by regularly scheduled annual screenings until the age of 30 (Roland 9). In doing so, young women can substantially decrease the prevalence of the virus while also decreasing their risk of contracting cervical cancer through early detection of the cellular abnormalities caused by HPV. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that even the mere act of performing a Pap smear can produce an inflammatory, immunologic response to HPV which subsequently initiates the body’s defense mechanisms that could potentially lead to clearance of the virus. As a result, Pap testing has proven to be an extremely effective method for reducing the incidence of cervical cancer among women exposed to the virus (Roland 9). In addition to HPV prevalence among women, the virus can also affect the overall health of infected males. Although the male is generally considered an asymptomatic â€Å"silent† carrier of HPV, the virus can produce lesions or warts on the male genitalia and can even lead to penile cancer (Rosa 1032). However, currently there is no cost effective test designed to detect the virus in male carriers. The only methods of detection consist of a peniscopy followed by a second-generation Hybrid Capture test. In this process, acetic acid solution is used to identify any lesions on the genitals so that a biopsy can be taken from all infected areas (Rosa 1033). Unfortunately, this manner of detection is far too complex to be performed on a mass scale. Consequently, male carriers continue to spread HPV unknowingly to their sexual partners and subsequently increase the prevalence of the virus throughout the sexually active community. Due to this asymptomatic spread of the virus by male carriers, it is paramount that a male vaccine is developed to further combat the growing prevalence of HPV among young sexually active individuals. On June 8th 2006, the FDA introduced Gardasil, a gender specific quadrivalent vaccine which prevents the initial infection of the four most dominant and high risk HPV types, 6, 11, 16, and 18. Consequently, the vaccine not only directly prevents the development of cervical cancer in women but also defends against the lower risk types 6 and 11, which are generally known for causing genital warts in both genders. The Gardasil vaccine is very unique because it appears to be the only 100 percent effective vaccination ever created. Furthermore, there is no live material inside the vaccine. Instead, it is made up of the virus-like proteins which coat the outer portion of the HPV virus. The vaccine cannot treat individuals already infected with the virus, but it will protect the infected female from attaining any of the other strains in the vaccine (McLemore 559). The vaccination is a three dose process, with followup doses at two and six month intervals from initial vaccination. Furthermore, the observed side effects are minimal but can include fever, nausea, respiratory tract infection, insomnia, and several other complications. Ultimately, the Gardasil vaccine is recommended for women ages 9 – 26 in an attempt to effectively decrease the prevalence of HPV among the sexually active community and also directly lower the related incidence of cervical cancer in young women (McLemore 559). However, even with the development of this vaccine the human papillomavirus still continues to infect millions of Americans and is responsible for thousands of cervical cancer deaths each year. It is absolutely paramount that young sexually active women not only become vaccinated with Gardasil, but also continue to maintain regular Pap test screenings annually with their doctor. In doing so, women can substantially reduce their incidence of cervical cancer and effectively fight to combat the growing prevalence of the HPV virus in the United States. Ultimately, the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer are much higher among women who do not obtain these regular screenings, and therefore fail to identify HPV abnormalities and precancerous cells early in their development. REFERENCES Linton, D.M. (2009). Cervical cancer screening interval. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 13(2): 235-7. Roland, K.B., Benard, V.B., Saraiya, M., Hawkins, N.A., & Brandt, H. (2009). Assessing cervical cancer screening guidelines in patient education materials. Journal of Women’s Health. 18(1): 5-12. McLemore, M.R. (2006). Gardasil: introducing the new human papillomavirus vaccine. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 10(5): 559-60. Rosa, N.T., De Carvalho, J.J., & Syrjanen, K.J. (2007). Identification of males at increased risk for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among patients referred for urological consultation. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 39(11-12): 1029-37.

Financial performance of Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc 2009-2010 Essay

Financial performance of Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc 2009-2010 - Essay Example This can be attributed to the reduction in the cost of goods sold for the organization from 2009 to 2010. Profit margin of a company can be defined as the ratio of net profit to net sales. The margin for IHG was 18% in the year 2010. The same margin in 2009 was 13.91%. There is a considerable increase in the profit margin of the hotel. This can be attributed to the lowering of costs from 2009 to 2010. The net profit that we have considered here is including the exceptional items. If we exclude the exceptional items, we find that the ratio has decreased from 19.12% in 2009 to 17.44% in 2010. This is because the existence of high net profit margin excluding exceptional items in 2009 as compared to 2010. The value of this ratio for year 2009 and 2010 is 7.40% and 10.55% respectively. We see that there is a slight increase in the net profit from year 2009 to 2010. At the same time, total assets have come down. Therefore, there is a slight increment in the return on assets. While return on assets measure the amount of net income generated for each unit of assets, return on investment measures the amount of income generated from each unit of owners’ equity. Return on equity can be calculated by dividing the net profit by total equity. The return on equity for IHG has decreased from 2009 (137.18%) to 2010 (100.69%). This is because there is a significant increment in the total equity of the organization. The margin has increased considerably from 2009 (-0.65%) to 2010 (28.19%). In 2009, the company had high cost of goods sold and high impairment costs that resulted in the lowering of the operating profit. Hence the company had a negative operative margin in the year 2009. The high costs can be attributed to the global economic slowdown. This ratio is an indication of the financial leverage of a company. While total liabilities represented 17.54% of the total equity in 2009, it was only 8.54% of the total equity in the

Individual Leadership Growth Reflection1 Assignment

Individual Leadership Growth Reflection1 - Assignment Example This means that I am capable of becoming a person and a leader who is aware of both his strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, I believe that the genuineness of my character is also one of my strengths and another reason why I believe I am fit to be an authentic leader (Kruse, 2013). I have also realized that I am a mission-driven person, which means one who is above his concerns for self-interest and is focused on results (Kruse, 2013). By being mission-driven, I could actually effortlessly encourage people to work out a particular project without having to please me, thus they can follow my example and they also do not focus on their happiness. Rather, they focus on the completion of the project for that is the only thing that can actually bring them so much joy and satisfaction. Moreover, by being mission-driven myself and by inspiring others to be the same kind of person, I can personally say that one can accomplish something fast only if he does not focus on the problems of the present or on how difficult it is to do it. In short, being mission-driven makes one ignore the difficulties one would normally experience when trying to achieve a goal. This is therefore one of the major keys to professional success. According to Kruse (2013), an authentic leader leads with his heart and is therefore not afraid to show his emotions. This means that whenever I lead people someday, I believe I will use my heart in leading them, which is through love, concern and example. This is in conjunction with my desire to focus on supporting people and to show them empathy and care, which are essential parts of my leadership growth plans. The best way I can achieve this rather emotional leadership is to acknowledge the hardships that each member experiences while they are trying to accomplish the goals of the group or the company. Moreover, according to Kruse (2013), an authentic leader must possess long-term focus and must emphasize hard work and patience. This

Analysis of Marketing Mix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Analysis of Marketing Mix - Research Paper Example The marketing strategy of a business organization is seen to be embedded in its marketing mix decisions. The marketing mix is a set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its objectives in the target market. McCarthy classified these four broad groups that he called the four Ps of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place (Kotler 2003). Qantas (an acronym for Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services) is the world's second oldest continuously running independent and Australia's largest airline. The firm traces its roots in November 1920 when it operated air mail services subsidized by the Australian government. Through the years, the airline has significantly developed and evolved into an international carrier. With its fleet of 200 aircraft, Qantas flies to more than 80 destinations in about 40 countries and to some 20 cities in Australia (Qantas 2006). During the fiscal year ended June 2005, the company reported $9,632.1 million in total revenue representing double-digit annual growth of 23.0%. Out of this huge revenue, profits realized $579.5 net profit. The airline currently employs 38,000 employees to man its various business operations. It should be noted that the number of employees has increased by 12.2% from the previous year. This significantly indicates Qantas' aggressive expansion (Hoover 2006). Currently, Qantas continues to be one of the market leaders in the global air transportation industry. Its main international hubs are Sydney Kingsford-Smith airport and Melbourne International Airport, followed by Singapore Changi Airport. However, Qantas operates a significant amount of international flights into and out of Los Angeles International Airport, London Heathrow, Brisbane International Airport, Tokyo Narita Airport, and Perth International Airport. Its domestic hubs are Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane airports, but the company also has a strong presence in Perth, Adelaide, Cairns and Canberra Airports (Qantas 2006). This impressive performance of Qantas, which makes it the world's leading long distance airline and one of Australia's strongest brands, can be directly attributed to its well-laid marketing strategy. Included in these are the crucial decisions on product, price, promotion, and place. Qantas, as an airline, is primarily involved in offering passenger transportation and air freight to its market. However, we can see that the product portfolio of Qantas also includes other associated business operations like in-flight catering, and holiday and travel operations (Qantas website 2006).

Revolutionaries are the Best Ways to Effect Positive Change in Research Paper

Revolutionaries are the Best Ways to Effect Positive Change in Opressive Regimes When Human Rights are Violated - Research Paper Example Revolutionaries are the most effective means of effecting positive change in oppressive regimes. Examples of revolutionaries that succeeded in bringing positive change and ending injustices include American Revolution, French Revolution and Recent revolutions in Arab countries. Revolutionaries are the best ways to effect positive change in oppressive regimes when human rights are violated and injustices exist Introduction Revolutionaries are the best way to effect positive change under any oppressive regime. Revolutionaries are justified when citizens experience continued injustices and violation of basic human rights by the ruling government. Revolutionary refers to drastic change that occurs when citizens break laws in order to protest against government policies. Examples of revolutionaries that were precipitated by oppressive regimes include the Civil Rights Movements in the US and recent Arab World uprisings. Citizens engage in revolutionaries by refusing to pay taxes, damaging government property and civil protests that aim at blocking traffic flow in major highways. Revolutionaries occur when the oppressive regime blocks the channels of negotiation or when the government is not willing to address the problems affecting the citizens (Spielvogel, 2011). This paper will discuss the importance of revolutionaries in bringing positive change in oppressive regimes when citizens experience injustices and violation of fundamental human rights. John Locke (1632-1704) asserts that governments derive their authority from the people thus civil liberties of the citizens should be protected by the government (Grant, 1991). Citizens should engage in revolutions if the government violates their human rights and curtails freedom of expression. According to Locke, if regimes alter the laws in order to curtail the rights of individuals, the citizens are justified to protest and overthrow the government (Grant, 1991). The ruling regime should adhere to the social contract be tween the government and citizens. John Rawls asserts that civil liberties enable citizens to live harmonious in the society thus all individuals should be accorded equality in rights and freedoms (Grant, 1991). Government economic policies should not disadvantage of the minority or create inequalities in income and wealth distribution. Most of the Arab uprisings were occasioned by high income inequalities that created high unemployment and poor living conditions to the low income earners. The ruling regime should promote civil rights and minimize social classes in the society in order to promote the welfare of the whole society (Richards, 2004). Revolutionaries are the best method of affecting positive change when several minority groups encounter discrimination and injustices from the oppressive regimes. Such regimes are characterized by dictatorship rule, disrespect for humanity and lack of freedom of expression in the society (Spielvogel, 2011). For instance, President Mubarak v iolated Egyptian constitution by hindering the freedom of media and civil liberties of individuals who criticized government policies. In oppressive regimes, citizens have no economic and political power to change the ruling government. Oppressive regimes have total control of the media thus citizens should engage in mass civil protests and boycotts to effect positive change in the political leadership. For instance, Gaddafi’s oppressive regime targeted journalists who criticized or reported of atrocities that were committed on the

Accounting Information Systems of Air New Zealand Assignment

Accounting Information Systems of Air New Zealand - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Air New Zealand has a total workforce of 10,453 employees and a reported income of 71$ Million as of August 2012. Air New Zealand can be considered as one of the lifeblood of New Zealand’s economy since it provides services that are essential in the dynamics of commerce. At about 9 am on November 10, 2009, an outage of the computer system of Air New Zealand affected its airport check-in systems as well as its online bookings and call center systems. The outage affected more than ten thousand passengers contributing to the chaos and confusion of affected airports. The disruption not only caused millions of dollars in actual damages to Air New Zealand itself but also to its customers and related business depending on the airline for its logistic needs. On June 18, 2007, Air New Zealand/Eagle Airways Flight 2300 was forced to land on its belly due to the hydraulic system that was being drained via a fatigue crack in its actuator that caused the landing gear to being stuck. There was no recorded fatality in the incident and the damage to the aircraft is repairable. Both incidents while considered accidents could have been prevented if the right information security management system is in place to protect the information assets of Air New Zealand. It should be noted that incidents similar to the ones described may cause the company more in terms of legal if not goodwill costs. Threats not only impact the corporation itself as an entity but also affect its employees, clients, and partners. As predicted on threats not only affect the operation of Air New Zealand, it likewise creates doubt about the safety of its clients and equally affects its financial assets as well as those of its partners. Identification of the threats is therefore not only essential in managing the risks associated to the operation and service provisioning of Air New Zealand it is similarly essential in setting up the inf rastructure that would support its overall security management systems. Threats by any definition is an entity or process if not events that threaten life, disrupt operation, or cause damage to the corporate image of any entity and in this particular case—Air New Zealand—its cause damage to assets of the company, its employee, its clients and even its partners. In the context of information technology in particular Accounting Information System, a threat is a process, thing, or person that will affect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system, its data, and programs. Natural Disasters and Terrorist Attacks – these are often remediated with the use of backup sites Software Errors and/or Equipment Malfunctions – This will be discussed further at the operational threats Unintentional Acts – These are often done by unsuspecting clients and at times even employees. Strict information security policy is the best way to ad dress these threats. Intentional Acts – This can be done by hackers from the external front and disgruntled employees from the internal front.

Discuss the most common challenges faced by management in an Essay

Discuss the most common challenges faced by management in an international context - Essay Example Besides the common challenges the management faces, globalization and the rise of multinational organizations have created challenges from communicational dimensions. In this essay, four main communication barriers will be discussed; they are cultural barriers, distance barriers, trust barrier (inner barrier), and the language barrier. In the process of international management, cultural understanding is a crucial factor to create opportunities for economic growth and development. To create cultural understanding, the manager is challenged with the task of learning and comprehending other cultures and contexts. This serves to reduce as much cultural difference as possible, and avoid communication breakdowns wherever the company or organization may encounter it. For example, while Arabs treat their leaders as heroes and worship them as long as they remain in power, Iranians expect their leaders to exhibit power and strength. (Phatak, 2005, p.5) Most common cultural differences are broadly categorized based on the following factors- power distance, uncertainty avoidance, human orientation, collectivism, assertiveness, gender egalitarianism, future orientation, and performance orientation. (Phatak, 2005, p.5) It is the management’s responsibility to analyze other cultures and minimize any cultural problems to maximize efficiency. This results in better business expansion, improved production and better image for the company. A manager who has a better understanding of the various cultural factors will be able to adopt appropriate management techniques and procedures that adapt to differing cultural values and beliefs. For this to occur, it is important that the manager accurately analyses the situation and acts accordingly or it may lead to a sharp decline in efficiencies. In leadership at every level possible, the most important factor is ‘trust’. Without trust in

Symbolism in Shakespeare's Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symbolism in Shakespeare's Macbeth - Essay Example The plot is woven through a series of symbols and images that are essential to the play’s setting. It opens with the witches’ scene and darkness all around. The dark hours are always associated with the evil which is about to take place. The symbol of blood and the disturbing weather emerge from the darkness and plague Macbeth and his surroundings. As the play opens, three witches appear on the scene asking as to whether their next meeting would be in â€Å"thunder, lightning, or in rain?† Hence from the very beginning, the symbol of darkness is introduced with only a few lines later, Macbeth is also mentioned. This is a foreshadowing of the events that will take place in the play. Darkness is always associated with evil and wickedness. Shakespeare employs these images to reveal the tools of disorder and the evil on which the character acts upon. The witches are the very first instruments which lead to disorder and havoc. Their appearance of witches is described by Macbeth himself as secretive and black: â€Å"How now, you secret, black, and midnight hags!† (Macbeth Act IV.i) but yet he believes in their prophecy. Even Banquo, who is with Macbeth at the time when the witches prophesize about them, speaks of them as: â€Å"The instruments of darkness tell us truths,  /Win us with honest trifles, to betray's  /In deepest consequence† (Macbeth Act I.i). ... From here onwards, there are a series of crimes committed by Macbeth as malevolence takes over the whole self of Macbeth. Once Macbeth restores himself as the king, even Scotland is pronounced as a place of obscurity. His restoration envelopes the whole country into â€Å"sighs and groans and shrieks that rend the air /Are made, not mark'd; where violent sorrow seems /A modern ecstasy; the dead man's knell†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as claimed by Macduff (Macbeth Act IV.iii). The images of darkness and the loss of blood along with thunder and lightning, elevate the component of evil in the play introducing the feeling of eeriness throughout. The symbol of blood that is scattered everywhere is seen when the play opens with the battle between Scotland and Norway. This is described by the wounded captain in traumatizing terms: â€Å"†¦Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,  /Or memorise another Golgotha,  /I cannot tell—  /But I am faint, my gashes cry for help† (Mac beth Act I.ii). But in this scene, Macbeth is praised for his bravery. His quality later changes into an evil force which he uses against his own people who trusted him. Blood also eventually symbolizes the guilt of Macbeth since he is unable to reverse his monstrous deeds. After the first act of evil that he performs by killing Duncan, Macbeth cries, â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?† (Macbeth Act II.i). The symbolism employed in Macbeth represents all the negative elements of life which usually associate with the villain or evil vigor. It was Shakespeare’s intent to portray Macbeth as that kind of character who constituted fear, guilt, wrath, cowardice and misery in the name of acquiring power. Lady Macbeth, besides the witches, was

Texas Education Essay Example for Free

Texas Education Essay Texas law makers and citizens have been concerned about the education of our young people since before declaring our Independence from Mexico in 1836. Texas revolutionaries listed â€Å"failure to establish any public system of education, although possession of almost boundless resources,† among the reasons to become independent from Mexico. Since that time public education has seen countless policy changes, constitutional amendments and revisions, and laws changed to meet the needs of Texas students. (1) How has the Texas education system changed? How have these policies affected our young people, and what challenges lay ahead for students, educators, parents, and policy makers? At the birth of Texas public education there were many problems that policy makers had to overcome. How to educate students in such rural areas? How will public education be funded? These were a few of the challenges that lawmakers of that time faced but one challenge they didn’t not have land as one of them. The first public school law was written setting aside large amounts of land in each county for public school use. Later the amount was increased and additional land was set aside for the first State College. However what Texas lacked was funding. (2) In 1845 Texas received 10 million in five percent U. S. Indemnity bonds for settling a boundary claim against the United States. Of this 10 million, 2 million was set aside as a permanent school fund. The permanent school fund was later directed to be invested in bonds. Also, during 1845 the state constitution set aside one-tenth of the annual state tax set aside to support free public schools. (1) The founding fathers of Texas public education were working toward the goal of adequately funding the Texas education system. Today the permanent school fund accounts for approximately $765 million a year. (1) A continued effort has also been made through the life of Texas public education to develop a system of accountability. 1885 marked the first year a system of accreditation was used for Texas public schools. At that time selected tests were sent to the University of Texas. If the school was found to be satisfactory students gained automatic admission without examination. (1) Although the intent was Texas public education had many problems. One was the growing concern for the decline of Texas literacy. Legislatures tried to address this issue in 1984 when Texas passed House Bill 72. The 68th Legislature passed this bill in response to concerns over the adequacy of Texas public schools as reflected by standardized tests. (2) House Bill 72 brought down tougher requirements on students and began rating the schools in 1993. The students were now required to pass a state assessment test in order to meet the graduation requirements. This was system of testing was the most difficult students had been exposed to up until this point. Also the Bill created the no pass no play rule that requires students to pass every subject in order to participate in any extracurricular activity. (2) Another problem that the Legislature attempted to address was funneling funding to property poor districts. Edgewood ISD v Kirby was filed and claimed that the system for funding public schools was discriminatory against poor districts. Edgewood ISD was against House Bill 72 and wanted a fair system of school funding. The courts ruled in favor of Edgewood ISD but law makers continued to try and come up with a fair system. The federal government threatened to shut down federal aid for public schools because of non-compliance. In 1990 Legislature tried to pass the â€Å"Robin Hood† plan. This plan would redistribute wealth from wealthy districts to poor districts. This Bill failed to pass voters. In 1993 another plan was passed by the State. This gave multiple options to districts to distribute funds equally. (3) Edgewood ISD v Kirby was not the first lawsuit filed in an effort to improve Texas public schools. Del Rio ISD v Salvatierra tried to show how inferior education facilities were for Mexican-Americans and moved toward desegregation. In 1948 Delgado v Bastrop ISD, the judge ruled against segregation of Mexican-American children in public schools. Sweatt v Painter in 1950, challenged â€Å"separate but equal† and integration was ultimately addressed with a federal ruling in 1954with Brown v Board of Education and the integration of Mexican-Americans in 1970 with Cisneros v Corpus Christi. In that same year because of discriminatory practices in Texas schools, United States v Texas forced a federal judge to call for all schools to be integrated. (3) Texas is unique in many ways from other states. Texas is second among size and population and educates 9% of the total U. S. student population. A highly diverse student population creates additional problems. 16% of the student population in 2007 was Limited English Proficient. IN that same year 55. 5% of all students were recognized as economically disadvantaged. In 2007 those two categories ranked the lowest among percentage of students that passed all areas of the State assessment test. With 47% of Limited English Proficient passing all categories and 57% of economically disadvantaged passing all categories. Texas also ranks 15th in the nation with 8th grade students in mathematics, 31st in reading, and 35th in science. All this unique situation occurs while ranking 49th among funding per student as compared to other states. (4) These statistics put Texas in a unique situation. Texans are educating more people and more of those people are in greater need of a quality education. How can Texas children compete in the job market? What will the Texas workforce look like for these children? Concerns continue to grow over declining school performance and budget deficits. The budget shortfalls will mean education spending cuts. Texas is a conservative state. Its legislatures take great pride in balancing the state budget with responsible spending. Many times these cuts are made in the name of the children in an attempt to not pass down large amounts of debt. To continue to cut an education system that is at the bottom on spending per student will only push Texans further below the national average of graduation rates. Texas education continues to underperform. (5) Law makers continue to decrease funding in schools and will not increase taxes to attempt to meet the budget shortfalls. Texas boosts rapid business growth and population growth. They attribute much of this growth to a tax friendly environment for the top 60% income brackets and affordable living for all income brackets. This has made us a national leader among growth and is a source of pride among lawmakers and Texans. (6) Law makers attempted to help the education crisis in Texas during the 83rd legislative session. The passed over 100 laws affecting education. These rules ranged from bonds for charter schools, healthy eating statutes in schools, law enforcement on campuses, testing and ratings of districts, and school financing. Many laws were made mandating that schools have to perform at a higher level and also that schools have to help produce healthy students while also protecting them. All these programs take more money yet the Texas budget does not allow for additional funds. The state legislatures say that if these schools cannot perform they should be shut down. What options would that leave Texas students and their families? (6) More than 150,000 Texas students are choosing public charter schools over traditional public schools. Public charter schools receive bonds and funding from both the state and federal government similar to traditional public schools. They boost a higher learning environment while managing to do it on a smaller budget than traditional public schools. They are held to the same Texas accountability systems but have the freedom to develop their own curriculum; where as a traditional public school is held to the state curriculum. The Texas Board of Education approves the curriculum that public schools can use. They develop the curriculum and the district has the freedom to determine how they will teach this to their students. They can use many different programs from traditional text books to the unpopular c-scope curriculum. Charter schools on the other hand are allowed the freedom to teach how they want to teach and what they want to teach as long as they perform well on the same state assessment tests that public schools must take. (7) Charter schools are an alternative that many Texas parents and students are electing for. The freedom they are allowed are creating a learning friendly environment while providing teachers the freedom to teach. Students are able to learn and teachers are able to teach. All under the same budget constraints that traditional public schools have. Not having to teach to a particular curriculum is favorable for some parents that may not want a conservative influence on their students. For example the recent conservative wins over social studies curriculum. Conservatives won to modify social studies texts to look favorably on Republican political philosophies and stressing the superiority of American capitalism. The fight continues are could be won in the near future for the removal of the teachings of Darwinism and to move toward the inclusion of the Christian views that founded our nation. The charter schools will not be held to these same teachings and are free to teach the religious side, conservative side, liberal, and science. Many parents find this form of teaching more favorable and the freedom it provides help to responsibly teach Texas students under the budget constraints that the state mandates. (8) Not all academic changes are viewed as bad. Republicans pushed for information about the violent nature of the Black Panther party is taught in contrast to the teachings of Dr. Martin Luther King, and that the Republican votes are included in teaching to show how Republicans pushed forward on civil rights issues. Some strides were made in the inclusion of personal responsibility teaching to students, which includes life choices such as suicide, pregnancy, dating violence, eating disorders and drug disorders. Some people such as Mavis Knight, a democrat from Dallas that introduced an amendment for the teachings of the founding fathers on religious freedoms but it was turned down, said â€Å"the social conservatives have perverted accurate history to fulfill their own agendas. † (8) If you were a young adult or adult in the 90’s you was also part of legislative of an advertising campaign to pass the lottery in Texas. A large part of this campaign was that that the majority of the lottery proceeds would go toward Texas education. Many Texans often wonder how we can need to cut school funding when 21 billion dollars has been contributed through the Texas lottery system. This was true and false all at the same time. 21 billion has been contributed to Texas education. The majority of the proceeds from the Texas lottery are going into the Texas Education fund but the false is that for every dollar contributed by the lottery the general fund decreases its contribution. So funding remains the same just the contributing party changes. This was a rouse by legislatures at the time and continues to be. (9) Another large source of school funding is property tax. Law makers have continued to address the disparities between district funding in regards to property tax revenue. Property within districts can vary greatly. Some districts may be comprised of multi-million dollar homes while other modest middle class homes and even others that are made up of very poor communities. These differences in tax revenue base have created large differences in the quality of education provided for Texas students. Lawmakers have attempted to address this with bonds and funding per pupil but any Texas resident that has visited an inner-city school and visited a school in affluent Plano or wealthy areas of the valley know that there are great differences in the amenities provided to students in those districts. (10) Another challenge Texas faces is staffing its schools with quality educators. There is a shortage of educators in Texas. After the 2011 much publicized decrease in the teaching population and additional constraints on class size. The perception of an already stressful and underpaid profession was damaged. In 2012 the number of teaching certificates acquired was down 24 percent. Projections show that Texans will not meet the number of needed teachers by 2015 if the issue is not addressed. The Texas Workforce Commission predicts that the need for teachers will greatly increase and is the highest projected are of growth in Texas. The challenge comes in attempted to convince young adults to invest their education dollars in this field. (11) There are many challenges that face Texas educators. How can Texas educators teach to the diverse student population accurately with the other challenges that face the public education system? According to the Kids Count Data Center, Texas has a student population of 16. 2% that receive ESL teaching. These present additional challenges for teachers. Texas was an early pioneer for English as Second Language training. In 1968 lawmakers pioneered for English deficient students by allowing ESL programs in Texas Schools. Up until that time it was not allowed to have bilingual programs in the schools. Then in 1981 further strides were made when Mexicans Americans were allowed to enter those programs voluntarily to help eliminate discrimination of Mexican American students. Today Mexican American students account for 50. 2% of the student population and although this poses additional challenges Texas must be prepared to meet those challenges. (10) There are so many challenges facing Texas education. A diverse student population, proper funding, legislatures with personal agendas, increase academic standards, meeting demands of the workforce from laborer to laboratory, all these are achievable. These challenges can be met by Texas parents, legislatures and students. At an early age Texas students are taught how great and unique Texas is and its residents and how we are have risen to many challenges and defeated them. The challenge of education will be gladly met and I feel confident that Texans will see the importance of education and do everything necessary to ensure that Texas youth are able to compete in today’s job market.

The Radical Feminists Conviction Of Destroying Patriarchy Religion Essay

The Radical Feminists Conviction Of Destroying Patriarchy Religion Essay Themiscyra. The land of the amazons. In Greek mythology, it is a place where no man is allowed to set foot in. A place where the woman is free from the abusive clutches of patriarchy. A haven for women and by women. Such a world would appeal to the radical feminist. Ever since feminism was birthed into the world, it kept evolving and becoming more drastic as the ages go by. Initially a response to chauvinism and gender inequality, women only wanted an equal chance for themselves. However, there are those who pushed it to the extreme. Thus, feminism has transformed into its most destructive form, radical feminism. Its mission is to destroy patriarchy and everything that is associated with it. Radical feminisms favorite targets are the institution of marriage, the Church, as well as Christianity. A once, good and just act, feminism has been reformed into a damaging tool. And it has started hammering. However, the researchers believe that knowledge about radical feminism would be the best defense against it. By exposing its harmful ways through the use of Church teachings and Sacred Scripture, one may be able to guard against it. The City of Themiscyra would never be established. Statement of the Problem The problem that we face with radical feminism is the lack of information of the negative ideologies that it subtly disseminates through media. Today, media has become more relevant to many peoples lives. Feminisms goal of pursuing equality through the empowerment of women blurs with radical feminisms primary goal. Radical feminism basically campaigns their ideologies through different media. Radical feminism gives women the idea that they do not need a man to be completely human. The last statement is against what the Church taught men and women-to love each other as they love themselves. That being said, the researchers have identified the problems to be: The lack of information about radical feminism how radical feminism subtly affects the people as main patrons of media how radical feminism ideologies change peoples view on marriage Research The National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women defines feminism as: A worldwide movement that seeks to raise womens political, economic and social status and fights for gender equality in all aspects of life in all societies. The concepts underlying feminism continue to evolve according to the socioeconomic, political and cultural context in which the movement is taking place. There are many different kinds of feminism and writer Masilungan defines one kind of feminism: liberal feminism. It emphasizes social and legal reforms through policies designed to create equal opportunities. She claims that liberal feminism underpins mainstreaming efforts that lead to extensive changes in womens legal rights and status. According to her another type is cultural feminism. It contends that there are fundamental personality differences between women and men, that sexism can be overcome by celebrating womens special qualities, womens ways and womens experiences. In line with this, cultural feminists believe that womens ways are better, and that propagating these ways would make the world a better place. The explanation further goes on by mentioning that there would be no more wars if women were to rule nations because women have a gentler, kinder nature. Ecofenimism is also another form of feminism. Ecofeminism rests on the basic principle that patriarchy is harmful to women, children and other living beings, and often draws from parallelism between a male-dominated societys exploitative treatment of the environment and its resources, and its treatment of women. These are some of the types of feminism but the focus of this paper is radical feminism which can be defined as a type of feminism which looks at gender as the primary form of oppression and sees class and race as extensions of patriarchal domination. Most of its strategies are focused on reshaping consciousness and redefining social relations to create a woman-centered culture (Masilungan 2003). To compare with other types of feminism, radical feminism is a relatively new branch of feminism. Scalon claims that radical feminism started out during the second wave of feminism which was in the 70s, around the late 60s to the mid-70s (129). Before the second wave of feminism womens lives were centered on their husbands and their roles as just mothers or wives (Hobbs 19). It is also a relatively new branch of feminism in the perspective that radical feminism may be seen as a result of the inadequacy of its predecessor, liberal feminism. Compared to liberal feminism, radical feminism provides aims to restructure the society by abolishing patriarchy (OConnor 61). Many tell-tale signs can be seen regarding the radical feminists ideologies. Allan Turner basically summarizes it by claiming that they are Anti-Bible, Anti-God and Anti-Christ. Being anti-Bible can be seen from American feminist and theologian, Rosmary Ruethers speech marks; Feminist theology must create a new textual base, a new canon. Feminist theology cannot be done from the existing base of the Christian Bible. It is also being Anti-God. Naomi Goldenberg, a professor at the University of Ottawa, claims that God is going to changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We women are going to bring an end to Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We will be the end of Him. Allan Turners claim that radical feminism is anti-Christ stems from the fact that radical feminists reject the idea of Son of Man because it is too masculine. Their being radical is also manifested on their views regarding sex. Murray, the author of Confessions of an Ex-Feminist, mentions in his interview with Olson that for the radical feminists, sex is jus t another physical act that brings pleasure and nothing more. This is contrary to the religious view on marriage because sex should only be done between a man and a woman bonded together by marriage. Many research studies have proven the benefits of marriage. The research by Waite mentions that the benefits of marriage include: better quality of the marriage relationship of the couple, brings in better health for the two because the relationship in itself allows the two people to grow with better resources and lesser costs of living (3). He also claims that marriage lessens depression and alcohol abusebetter psychological health for both husband and wife (3). Moreover, the research shows that the benefits of marriage are not just limited to husband and wife but also to children. Children who grow up with their biological and intact families are well-off because the environment is most suitable for the childrens development (Parke 9). Acs and Nelson also clearly shows that the benefit of marriage by stressing that children who are living with non-married parents fare worse than children living with their married parents (1). Many pivotal benefits of marriage have been proven by many researchers and yet, the radical feminists want to destroy the family tradition, a practice according to Gods creation. First of all, they want to destroy the traditional family structure which consists of father, mother and children because they see this condition as women being subjugated by men husbands (Snyder-Hall 257). They also pursue lesbianism and same-sex marriage in order to eliminate the subjugation of women. This would mean that they could practice liberation to its fullness (Snyder-Hall 255). Their attempts to destroy the traditional family are starting to grow as a political and social movement as well. According to Ubacs news article, the prominent feminist party-list group in the Philippines, Gabriela, has re-filed their bill to legalize divorce. The news article further detailed the womens party-list groups other grounds for filing for divorce, for example, irreparable marriages. The media has also been a proprietor of radical feminism. Although subtle, some movies have themes regarding radical feminism. A recent film of Jennifer Aniston, The Switch, it touches on the idea of how women can live without men and how women can get pregnant without a husband or a man. The radical feminists attempts to destroy the traditional form of marriage, however, are against the teaching of the Bible. Marriage should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure (New American Bible, Hebrews 13.4). The Bibles view of marriage and sexuality is also very holy unlike radical feminists degrading view of these. He who finds a wife finds happiness; it is a favor he receives from the LORD (Proverbs 18.22). It is also shown by Mark who says But from the beginning of creation, God made them male and female. For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother (and be joined to his wife), and the two shall become one flesh. So they are no longer two but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, no human being must separate (Mark 10.6-9). With respect to the teaching of the Bible, the church also stands against the radical feminists point of view and teaches otherwise. Mulieris Dignitatem 31 says that therefore  the Church gives thanks for each and every woman:  for mothers, for sisters, for wives; for women consecrated to God in virginity; for women dedicated to the many human beings who await the gratuitous love of another person; for women who watch over the human persons in the family, which is the fundamental sign of the human community; for women who work professionally, and who at times are burdened by a great social responsibility It is also said in Paragraph 14 of Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), Therefore, the promotion of women within society must be understood and desired as a humanization accomplished through those values, rediscovered thanks to women. Every outlook which presents itself as a conflict between the sexes is only an illusion and a danger: Without prejudice to the advanc ement of womens rights in society and the family, these observations seek to correct the perspective which views men as enemies to be overcome. The proper condition of the male-female relationship cannot be a kind of mistrustful and defensive opposition. Their relationship needs to be lived in peace and in the happiness of shared love. Objectives of the Project Upon presenting the subject matter the group increased awareness about radical feminism as a modern type of thinking, shared what the Churchs stand about this radical type of thinking is and shared information on how radical feminists work their way through media to establish their stand against the traditional marriage. Methodology In implementing the project the researchers collaborated with Rev. Ariel Jornales, the director of the Evangelical Theological College of the Philippines (ETCP). Rev. Jornales agreed to have us share our research with his students. Upon following up our schedule, he told the group that he announced to all students of ETCP to attend our talk if they are interested. The implementation happened at August 25, 2010 and the allotted time for the researchers to present was two hours, from 10 am to 12 noon. The implementation took place at Lot 1, Block 1, Birds of Paradise St. Valley Golf Subdivision. Cainta, Rizal. The audience consisted of professors, pastors and Theology students. The researchers took turns in presenting different parts of the subject matter. First, an icebreaker was initiated by the presenters. The audience was tasked to read some quotations from renowned radical feminists and provide feedback regarding a quotation. After this the researchers provided a short history abo ut the subject matter. The presenters then moved into the meat of the matter and discussed the Sacred Scripture and Churchs stand on the issue. An open forum was conducted after the talk and further discussions with the audience was entertained. The group presented for an hour and the open forum lasted for thirty minutes. All in all, not more than 250 Php was spent for transportation and photocopying expenses. Data Presentation and Analysis Before presenting the projects data, it is important to recall what this projects objectives were and these were the following: to increase awareness about radical feminism as a modern type of thinking; to share what the Churchs stand about this radical type of thinking is; and to share information on how radical feminists work their way through media to establish their stand against the traditional marriage. These objectives are the basis of how well the implementation went, relative to the results. To present the data in a more organized manner, the group decided to divide the presentation of the data into two. This was because for numbers 1-5, the students were asked to answer a Likert scale, while for numbers 6-8, they were asked to answer questions in sentences. For numbers 1-5, the researchers tallied the students answers for each item among the choices presented: Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, and Strongly Agree, which we presented in the graph below. Additional information regarding the data presented are indicated below the graph. Figure I. Responses for questions 1 to 5 *Only 19 of the expected 35 attended the talk. For number 3, one person did not answer that particular item. For numbers 6-8, we had to be particularly lenient with some of the items that may seem ambiguous, because several of the students expressed difficulty in answering in English, although they preferred to answer in English. Figure II. Responses for questions number 6 to 8 For 7.b, one person was unable to finish writing. However, her answer was counted under Answered, because the beginning of what she wrote (the word ANTI- with a line after the hyphen) would have been anti-Bible, which is a relevant answer to the question. It is disconcerting that three people still think that all forms of feminism are anti-Christian after the talk. It is also unsettling that five people think that feminism is anti-patriarchal, two people disagree that radical feminism is incompatible with traditional marriage, three people strongly disagree that radical feminism believes in same-sex marriage and divorce, and one person strongly disagrees that Christianity promotes the rights and dignity of women. It is possible that some of them simply did not read the evaluation form carefully, or answered in haste since they had a class to attend after. It is also possible that not everyone understood the talk because the medium of instruction used was English. The majority of them might have been more comfortable with Filipino, as some of them expressed when they asked to speak in Filipino during the activity. Despite this, majority of the students not only answered the items, but they also answered them based on the presentation of the group. Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations Radical feminism is one kind of feminism, like its roots, is for womens equality and freedom from subjugation. This goal might be a little positive but, the twist of the movement comes from their radical thought that patriarchy is the root of all the inequality that the people are experiencing and sought to be eradicated. They propose a total eradication of men. It seeps subtly through media, although not visible to a person with no knowledge of the movement there are shows and movies which basically support the movements ideologies. The results of the implementation showed that there is not enough information about radical feminism. Radical feminism as a movement is also misunderstood. Also, it is relatively new to the groups audience and is therefore considered to be good that they were able to share this new learning with them and although it was quite new, majority of the audience were able to have a basic understanding of the topic. For groups that would do a further research and implementation on the topic, the recommendations of the group are as follows: Provide a more Filipino context for the researches. As what the group found out during the open forum that was held after the lecture, there is a significant amount of literature that could be referenced when putting radical feminism in the Filipino context. Tackle more a bit on the difference of radical feminism and other forms of radical feminism. This could be more expounded on by future groups as this was briefly discussed by the researchers. Also, if the future group provides clarity on the different forms of feminism (other than radical feminism) the audience might be able to grasp more of what radical feminism is and what it is not. Utilize a medium of language that is best for the audience. Based on the groups evaluation forms and analysis of data, the content of the presentation might have been better if Filipino or Tagalog was used in explaining the groups points.

The Paleolithic and Neolithic Stone Ages Essay -- Essays Papers

The Paleolithic and Neolithic Stone Ages The first scholars that existed named the whole period of human devolvement the â€Å"Stone Age.† The stone age is divided into three periods which are Paleolithic which means the old Greek age, Mesolithic and Neolithic which is the new Greek age. The Paleolithic and Neolithic stone ages have many great differences and has changed greatly between the two periods. The Paleolithic is divided into three phases which are Lower, Middle, and Upper. The upper stone age began about 42,000-37,000 years ago and has continued up until the ice age ended. Their ways of forms of communication are much different of the way we communicate now. Their forms of communication is visual arts which consists of sculpture, architecture, painting and other arts we just haven't figured out. Animals and the women in the nude were very popular form of art in the upper phase. They also believe because of the many women figures during that period that women dominated during this time. Their forms of shelter were by living in the mouth of a cave or building a hut or tent next to a protective cliff. Building these structures weren't quiet easy. The huts were made of light branches or hides that accommodated about 6 people. Most of the activities were inside the fire pit, where food and tools were prepared, making clothing, sleeping and working on stone was also taking place there. Most of their art work was made of cave work and cave painting. As...

Australian Broadcasting Essay -- Media

INTRODUCTION The Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) was formed in 1932 and the first ABC radio broadcast took place on 1 July that the same year. 1956 saw the beginning of television broadcasting in 1956 and its independent corporation was in 1983. The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) however commenced broadcasting much later 1975 and its television broadcasting began in 1980 and became an independent corporation in 1991. The ABC and SBS are all statutory , independent authorities established via legislation and their roles and functions are set out in their respective Charters. For instance the ABC Charter vests the ABC, with functions such as providing within Australia innovative and comprehensive broadcasting, services of a high standard, provide programs that contribute to a sense of national identity and to inform and entertain, and reflect the cultural diversity of, the Australian community. Moreover it is mandated to provide broadcasting programs of an educational nature promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia transmit to other countries programs of news, current affairs, entertainment and cultural enrichment that encourage awareness of Australia and an international understanding of Australian attitudes on world affairs . The SBS Charter provides that the principal function of SBS is to provide multilingual and multicultural radio and television services that inform, educate and entertain all Australians, and in doing so, reflect Australia’s multicultural society . SBS also has specific functions, including, contributing to meeting the communication needs of Australia’s ethnic and Aboriginal The ABS and SBS provide the Australian public with news broadcasts, television programmi... ...leem, Saed, and Stephen Shellhammer. TV White Space Sectrum Technologies. Florida: CRC Press, 2011. Campbell, Dennis. International Securities Law and regulations. Sydney: York Hill Law, 2007. Conroy, Stephen. ABS and SBS. Australian Government, Sydney: Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, 2008. Digital Broadcasting Australia. "SBS chooses 720p High Definition." Digital Broadcasting Australia. Sydney, December 14th, 2006. Grant, Alsadai. Australian Telecommunications Regulation Communications Law Centre. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004. Murray, Lisa. "SBS caves in over ad breaks." The Sydney Morning Herald, June 2, 2006. Pan, Hui. Asia-Pacific Telecom Monthly Newsletter. Boston: Information Gatekeeper Inc, 2010. Stuart, Cunningham, and Graeme Turner. The Media and Communications in Australia. Singapore: KHL Printing Company Ltd, 2010.

The Agricultural Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers

The Agricultural Revolution The agricultural revolution of the nineteenth century was caused by many important factors. Before the revolution, people working in the farms were living entirely on what they could produce. Most farmers were extremely hesitant to make any changes in the methods they had been using for farming mainly because, although the payoff would be fairly large, if it didn't work, the mistakes could cost them their lives (Kagen). Farmers in the nineteenth century had several problems to deal with. One of the biggest problems was the fact that they were subject to the whims of nature. If there was a particularly bad storm, the crops for the year could be lost. If this happened, the family would be left with whatever food they had stored. Unfortunately, there was usually very little food left in storage, since they were required to pay taxes on the land they worked, and that was usually paid in grain. There was usually no extra food, other than what they stored for the win...

Freud’s Interpretation of Sophicles’ Oedipus Tyrannus Is Ridiculous

â€Å"Freud's interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus is ridiculous. † Discuss This essay will discuss the interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus by Freud and whether his interpretation holds any weight in using it to aid his own theory, the Oedipus complex, or whether it was a ridiculous reading of the play itself. Freud’s theory will be explored first, before moving on to look at the interpretation itself. This will give a strong sense of how the Oedipus complex comes about in a young child and help in the discussion as to whether Oedipus may have been fulfilling this unconscious desire.The discussion will also touch upon Freud’s belief that it is his own theory that explains the reason for the play’s long-lasting success. Sigmund Freud is the father of a branch of psychology that he named psychoanalysis, as well as having a tremendous influence in how modern psychology has developed since the turn of the 20th Century. Freud was born on May 6th 1856. The first reference to Freud having used Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus to help strengthen his theory of the Oedipus complex, which is explained below, and also the first mention of the Oedipus complex altogether comes in 1900 in Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams.However, in The Interpretation of Dreams the theory is clearly only just beginning to be devised by Freud as it is not until 1910 that the term ‘Oedipus compex’ is first used. To be able to understand Freud’s interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus it is vital to grasp what the Oedipus complex actually refers to. Before discussing the Oedipus complex it is important to discuss the earlier psychosexual development of a child, which leads into the development of the Oedipus complex. The first two stages, or the ‘pregenital’ stages, begin very early in life.The first is the oral stage, unsurprisingly, as infants first derive sexual pleasure primarily through the mouth; such as ta sting, sucking, and making sounds. This stage is followed by the anal stage, in which the infant has discovered the anus. This stage is focused on the control of the self and gives the infant the first opportunity to gain a sense of independence and achievement through learning to control the bowel and bladder. With the next stage, the phallic stage, the Oedipus complex tarts becomes apparent. It is during this time that the infant discovers the difference between a boy and girl, the boy begins to see the father as a rival for his mother’s affections, but also develops a fear of the father becoming a rival for the mother’s affections. Alongside these developments the child finds the genital area as an erogenous zone. The ‘castration complex’ can develop throughout this period and it is important to think of the male and female child as, ‘with penis’ or ‘castrated’, relatively.Freud believed that the male child saw the female child as a castrated boy and thus the result of, what seemed to be common in the turn of the century, the threat of parents telling young boys to stop playing with their genitals or they will be cut off. The young boy now believes that the father becomes a real threat to the affections for his mother. Between the age of four and five, Freud believed that the young child develops sexual feelings for his mother, and alongside this wants to have complete possession of her and thus hostile feelings develop towards the father.However, the possibility of castration that the young boy has understood to be seen in the naked girl, poses a horrific possibility to the boy. With the loss of his penis at stake, as in the young boy’s mind this is the form of retaliation the father will take to any hostile action from the child, the boy focuses his attention towards other feminine sources for sexual satisfaction. This is the Oedipus complex laid out as unimpeded development of the young boy and variations to this development through childhood is how Freud can explain ‘abnormal’ sexual behavior.For the young girl the Oedipus complex follows a different path once the difference between boy and girl has been realised. The lack of a penis is seen, through the young girl’s eyes, as the fault of her mother, because of this the girl moves away from the need to possess the mother and begins to long for the father in a similarly sexual manner and the wish for him to impregnate her. It is the resulting child that Freud imagines can ‘cure’ the girl of her ‘penis envy’ seeing the baby as a replacement for the missing organ.For Freud however the female never really surpasses this stage of penis envy. With Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus it is the male side of the Oedipus complex that is discussed. It is obvious that Oedipus indeed performs the actions that one would attribute to the desires of the Oedipus complex being fulfilled: The murder of his father and the sexual union with his mother. Freud’s interpretation, however, seems to conveniently ignore certain aspects of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus, which upon inspection provide obstacles for Freud’s theory to navigate.In the development of his theory on the Oedipus complex, Freud undertook a great deal of self analysis and as such it is questionable as to how generalised his thoughts can be used to understand the human development. Freud had seen the play Oedipus Tyrannus and; â€Å"saw himself in a very concrete sense as Oedipus. † With this in mind Freud’s interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus is not lessened in itself, but this does have bearings on his interpretation as proof of the Oedipus complex. Tragedy, as in all art forms, is open to interpretation no matter what the original artist intended as the meaning.For Freud, Oedipus represents the fulfilment of the early sexual desires towards the mother and the aggressive behaviour towards the father. However, that Oedipus does not know that these two people are his biological parents seems to belittle Freud’s use of Oedipus as an exemplum for his theory. Freud’s use of Oedipus is meant to show that the Oedipus complex â€Å"transcends time and place. † That Oedipus has a lack of knowledge of his true parents doesn’t seem to affect Freud in his use of Oedipus in this way. In my opinion, however, this use is severely at odds to the point that Freud attempts to make.A child, according to the Oedipus complex, that grew up with non-biological parents should have had little to no effect upon the early stages that lead to the development of the Oedipus complex, thus little to no effect upon the complex itself. Oedipus was sent away as an infant to be killed, but instead grew up with different parents. This, therefore, gives no reason to think that the idea that Oedipus sleeping with his biological mothe r and killing his biological father is the Oedipus complex realising itself within Oedipus.The interpretation by Freud seems to have used the popularity of Oedipus Tyrannus, at the time he was developing his theory, to help in popularising and explaining the Oedipus complex. Although Freud himself seems to have believed that Oedipus was, indeed, a good example of his theory: Broken down simply his argument runs, 1. There is a universal psychological conflict (Oedipus complex), as I have discovered in my clinical experience. 2. This is confirmed by a drama which has universal effectiveness. 3.Why this drama is universally effective can only be understood if my hypothesis is correct. This reference to why the drama is universally effective is Freud’s belief that the play in itself is not that challenging a concept. According to Freud it is only if his theory is correct that the ability of Oedipus Tyrannus to have had the â€Å"universal power to move† at all. This scient ific sounding argument leaves little option for Freud to be wrong, as the play has indeed enjoyed thousands of years of success.This, however, is according to Freud. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus seems to continually leave absolutely no room for a lack of the Oedipus complex being present. Throughout Freud seems to have missed what many people miss in Oedipus Tyrannus, Some readers of the Oedipus Rex have told me that they find its atmosphere stifling and oppressive: they miss the tragic exaltation that one gets from Antigone or the Prometheus Vinctus. They miss the courage of Oedipus, he knows of his fate and yet he carries on.His blinding represents the fumbling of humanity for the truth in the world and it is in this strength portrayed Oedipus that one can gain the tragic exaltation normally expected from a Tragedy. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus cannot be said to be an outright ridiculous interpretation. It is clear to see, when looking at the Oedipus complex, that Oedipus fulfils the exact fantasy of the young ‘Freudian’ boy. The Killing of his father and having a sexual relationship with his mother, however, when the interpretation is looked at closely it is obvious to see that there are clear flaws.The process of the development of the Oedipus complex cannot occur properly if one of the parents is absent from childhood, let alone both of them. Oedipus fulfils the fantasy of the young boy, but with the ‘wrong’ parents, even though they are his biological parents. The idea that the Oedipus Tyrannus portrays the idea that no matter who, where, or when we exist, the complex is inescapable even if it remains in the subconscious ‘is’ ridiculous. If this was the case then it would have been the king and queen of Corinth that were involved in this play, Oedipus’ adoptive parents.That Freud felt a great similarity between himself and Oedipus i s not ridiculous, in and of itself, it is the belief that his own self-analytical thoughts and the actions of Oedipus are actually similar that brings the interpretation into question. Oedipus acted without knowledge of his true parents, whereas Freud knew his parents and is discussing fantasy from childhood as opposed to actual action. The idea that Freud’s theory provides a reason for Oedipus Tyrannus’ success is definitely ridiculous in nature. Oedipus is the representative of the, albeit tragic, character of perseverance.He knows his fate yet carries on to find the truth, even after he has blinded himself he does not rest until he has made it to the site where he is prophesied to come to peace. Freud’s interpretation of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus has many ridiculous aspects to it, but the use to which Freud uses his interpretation does retain an aspect of credibility. Bibliography * Armstrong, R. H. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ips a/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm (1998) * Gay, P the Freud reader (Vintage 1995) * Storr, A. Freud, A very short introduction (Oxford Uni. Press 1989) * Dodds, E. R.On misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex Ed. E. Segal (Oxford Uni. Press 1983) * Simon, B. And Blass, R. The development and vicissitudes of Freud’s ideas on the Oedipus complex Ed. Neu, J (Cambridge Uni. Press 1991) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Gay (1995) xxxi [ 2 ]. Gay (1995) 273 [ 3 ]. Storr (1989) 33 [ 4 ]. Storr (1989) 34 [ 5 ]. Simon and Blass (1991) 170 [ 6 ]. Simon and Blass (1991)171 [ 7 ]. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm (1998) [ 8 ]. Oedipus as Evidence: http://www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm

Warehouse Management System

In a WMS, we aim to observe the maximized profits with a minimized cost with certain computerized procedures to enable a seamless process of warehouse operation. With the above consideration, we come up with 4 main special features that are essential to be equipped in the WMS. First of all, we need to have barcode labeling for all the stocks in the warehouse in order to identify each product, keep record in the system and find them out easily.It is necessary for us to have detailed information of every stock in the warehouse by simply identifying the barcode labels with wireless inventory scanner, which could save time, reduce paper work and greatly increase the productivity and accuracy when handling stocks. Barcode labeling is fundamental for WMS as we need to keep tracking the stocks throughout the whole warehouse operation process. Secondly, we think that efficiency is also an undeniable element in WMS, which we consider auto-conveyer as one of our choice of special features to e nhance the efficiency.Auto-conveyor could reduce the need of man power and it is much speedy than the manually controlled way when moving stocks as it could quickly retrieve wanted items. Auto conveyor could also handle some simple sorting and identification work, which greatly reduce the need of manpower. Thirdly, virtual warehouse would be our core feature in the WMS, it acts as an important role in both order management and put away and packing. It provides a comprehensive physical view of the warehouse. With a virtual warehouse, we could have a clear idea of the operating warehouse through the browser.It could facilitate the decision making in the WMS as we could control a lot of process with a virtual warehouse. Indeed, a virtual warehouse is a system that involved a lot of components, but we are now focusing on the order management and the put away and picking management. With WMS, orders could be generated easily on the internet as the information of customers, suppliers and the stocks are kept in the system. It is convenient to add items, notes and select the customer or supplier for your purchase or sales order.This may improve the efficiency and is environmentally friendly when compared with the paper file. It is much less time-consuming to find out the order and customer information. For the put away management, the WMS could utilize the optimum locations for the stocks received in the warehouse automatically. Also in the picking management, the WMS could decide the best location for picking. With this system, we do not have to waste time on finding storage location, while having a greater control in the allocation of resources and facilitates time management.In fact, the virtual warehouse could not work alone, while barcode labeling and auto-conveyor assisted the virtual warehouse a lot in the stance of automation and computerization. They three are interrelated and the virtual warehouse is in the leading position among them, which means it is impo rtant in connecting different parts of a warehouse and make the WMS works. Although the above 3 special features has provide us convenience, efficiency and accuracy, we could not fully rely on a computerized system but to have a feature that could reduce our mistakes to the minimum, ideally, zero mistake.Thus the last feature we include in our WMS is cycle counting. Cycle counting reduces the need for the time-consuming and costly process of shutting down the manufacturing process in order to count inventory, which the inventory auditing procedure is carried out according to a continuous schedule. The result would be a more accurate calculation of stocks in the warehouse. To conclude, we think these four features are able to make a WMS that could control material movement efficiently and most possibly making the maximum profit.

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Oil and gas production, drilling, and trading is a big issue in the United States. Currently, much of the oil we use comes from foreign sources. Many argue that we should reduce foreign oil dependency by reducing our consumption and by drilling for oil right here in the U. S. For approximately forty years, a debate has been brewing about oil exploration and drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is 19,000,000 acres of land in northern Alaska, a U. S. state. It is the largest protected wilderness in the United States and was created by Congress under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980†³ (Wikipedia Foundation, Inc) More specifically, within the ANWR, a 1,500,000 acre area located between the Beaufort Sea(northern border), Brooks Range (southern border), and the Prudhoe Bay (western border) is the center of controversy. This area is commonly referred to as section 1002 because when the ANILCA was created, in section 1002 of the document, the decision of how to manage oil and gas exploration and development for this area was tabled. Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. ) There are various opinions with points for and against oil drilling in the ANWR's section 1002. At this point, I am against it. I recently read a quote by U. S. , President, Barak Obama in Wikipedia. It states, â€Å"In a League of Conservation Voters questionnaire, Obama said, â€Å"I strongly reject drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge because it would irreversibly damage a protected national wildlife refuge without creating sufficient oil supplies to meaningfully affect the global market price or have a discernible impact on US energy security. † (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc)I have to say, I agree with President Obama 100%. This area is true wilderness. According to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, it is the most diverse ecosystem in northern Alaska. It is home to many Native Indian tribes, a l arge population of porcupine caribou, some large whales, and other smaller animals not popular elsewhere. Not to mention, it is on the coastal line of Alaska, which opens it up huge varieties of marine life and migrating birds from all over. Many people don't realize that oil drilling is big business. It will not only require oil drilling equipment and stations, but there will be roads, airports, housing, shopping, etc.This means much of the land will forever be affected. Many animal habitats and natural migratory and breeding patterns may be disrupted. The air and water will be polluted from vehicle traffic, the oil drilling itself, and many other human behaviors. Human waste will need to be dealt with. You name it, it will be a problem. Another concern is the potential for accidental pollution. As a matter of fact, in 1989, there was a bill on the table and it looked like it might make it through the Senate, to allow the drilling, when the infamous Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska.It was the largest spill of its kind where 260,000 to 750,000 barrels of crude oil spilled out of the tanker and into the surrounding waters, killing and injuring countless wildlife and destroying their habitats. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc) Lastly, experts are not even sure how much oil is even there. A U. S. Geological Survey published in 1998 stated there was between 5. 7 billion barrels to 16 billion barrels of recoverable oil and natural gas liquids the ANWR's coastal plain area. As compared to an estimated 120 billion in the rest of the U. S.It is estimated that drilling in area 1002 would amount to about 1% world oil production by the year 2030. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc) This would create such a small impact on the products and services generated at the end user level. In other words, the rich oil investors will get richer and people like me will be no better off. The benefits do not outweigh the risks. I say not to drilling in the ANWR! Works Cited Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Arctic Refuge drilling controversy. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Ed. 7 September 2012. Web. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy. 30 September 2012.

Dual-nitride Quantum Wells Effects on Laser Diodes

Dual-nitride Quantum Wells Effects on Laser Diodes Abstraction: This paper examines the public presentation of optical asymmetric dual-nitride quantum good focused, the sum of visible radiation in the dual quantum good structures with different structural parametric quantities were investigated. Vision charts utilize different mole fraction of aluminium in the barrier beds changes the breadth of the quantum good and barrier across the center in the scope of 1 to 5 nanometer is simulated. The consequences show an addition in the breadth of the quantum good and the rise in the center of the barrier to cut down the breadth of the visible radiation. Keywords: quantum good, nitride, laser rectifying tube. Introduction: The semiconducting material quantum well optical masers have attracted many research workers. This tool is particularly widespread usage in devices such optical masers because of the highly low threshold currents, The narrow scope of the optical maser visible radiation and less dependent on temperature than normal, doing more and more industries are scrambling to optimise these devices is semiconducting material. The light one of the most basic features of a semiconducting material optical maser is to optimise the direct consequence of the external profile such as the efficiency and power end product. On the other manus, when the active bed construction are little plenty energy province in the conductivity set and quantal capacity and merely certain energy degrees are allowed. The thin active country is a great advantage and that is that the entire figure of bearers required to obtain a denseness of transparence in the active quantum good laser than conventional laser proportion of t he thickness of the active country. [ 1 ] Broadband spread stuffs and elements ( AlN, GaN, and InN ) associated with much success in optoelectronic devices, particularly in the present decennary have, Although these stuffs belong to the group, and ionic substances are polarized. There is a really big electric field in the way of growing of nitride stuffs for their piezoelectric consequence and self-generated polarisation. [ 2 ] Working In this paper the asymmetric double quantum good that the connexion is created, the undermentioned explains: AluminumtenTabun1-xN /GaN / AltenTabun1-xN /GaN / AltenTabun1-xNitrogen Fixed breadth of barrier and the breadth of the two Wellss will changed from 1nm to 5nm. It is deserving observing in this reappraisal due to the symmetricalness of the quantum Wellss of the effects of self-generated and piezoelectric Fieldss is neglected [ 3 ] . To cipher the first optical moving ridge map and the energy set is seeking to make, the Schrodinger equation for a atom in asymmetric quantum well is expressed as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 1 ) Where m( ten )is the effectual mass depends on the location of the well and barrier, U ( x ) is the profile represents the set construction. In work outing this equation finite difference method, the job with boundary conditions in a peculiar matrix becomes a value. Particular values of this matrix, the allowable energy systems and particular maps of the matrix, Particle wave map is the same [ 4 ] . A measure alteration from high to low degrees seen in Step 1 Angstrom energy degrees and beckon maps are accurate. To go on working, it is necessary to find the place of the Fermi degree by the degree by and large related to the injection of bearers and therefore a individual optical maser solution, the denseness of the bearers and so, degrees Dirac-like signifier of the Fermi distribution map achieved [ 5 ] . Song equations will be as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 2 ) Where Ne the denseness of bearers, I current injection, ? bounds factor, ?ggroup speed equal to C/neff, gThursdaythreshold addition and as gThursday= ?I+ ?mwere as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 3 ) And Np the denseness of photons, Rsp self-generated emanation rate, Rnr non-radiation emanation rate, ?p photon life-time, which is equal to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 4 ) Where degree Celsius is the vacuity light velocity, neff is the refractile index, L is the pit length, R1 and R2 are the pit mirrors coefficient of reflection, and ?i is the internal loss. The rate equations, numerically and by PCBF 4th with MATLAB, come closing quasi-Fermi degrees calculated [ 6 ] . Given these physical parametric quantities can be achieved utilizing visible radiation that is expressed as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 5 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 6 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 7 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 8 ) Equation ( 8 ) built-in conductivity and valency sets overlap and some are less than one and really near to one. Harmonizing to equation ( 5 ) when the incident light moving ridge withinvolvement is positive and a photon, energywill be strengthened by the stuff. It can be shown that this inequality is tantamount to the term. The comparative separation of the Fermi degree must be larger than the set spread of the visible radiation in the stuff obtained. For high negatron bearer denseness can be made. The Consequences The construction consists of a barrier were studied type with AlGaN mole fraction x = 0.7, two Wellss of GaN with a thickness of 1nm. A barrier between the quantum Wellss of the AlGaN mole fraction x = 0.2 and breadth of 1nm and eventually a barrier is made of AlGaN fraction x = 0.7 as shown in fig. ( 1 and 2 ) . Figure 1: Schematic of the construction of the survey Figure 2: The moving ridge map and energy degrees for double asymmetric potency Wellss for negatrons. In portion ( a ) can be fixed within the barrier and increase the breadth of the Wellss, the light lessenings as shown figure ( 3 and 4 ) . The cause of this diminution can be explained so that the breadth of the well additions, take part less in emanation and therefore the figure of photons produced by the reduced allowable passages. In portion ( B ) Wellss were fixed within 1nm and the breadth of the barrier will alter from 1nm to 5nm. Plug the center, similar to the alterations good, the moving ridge map and energy degrees and optical efficiency will cut down this consequence as shown in fig. ( 5 and 6 ) . In portion ( degree Celsius ) of the first good presuming changeless breadth and comprehensiveness of the barrier, with increasing breadth as the 2nd good as shown in fig. ( 7 and 8 ) , the visible radiation will be cut down. Figure 3: Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for assorted good width. Figure 4: Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of the asymmetric dual-nitride quantum Wellss. Figure 5: Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for assorted mid-latitude blocking. Figure 6: Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of the barrier in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride. Figure 7: Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for alteration in one well. Figure 8: Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of an asymmetric dual-nitride quantum Wellss. Decision This paper examines the asymmetric dual quantum good nitride laser visible radiation is focused. Calculations show that the impact on the type of optical maser is really high so that by increasing the breadth of the quantum good and increase the breadth of the barrier, reduced productiveness and increased breadth of the emanation spectrum. Mentions: [ 1 ] Peter, S. , Zory, J. , â€Å" Quantum Well Lasers † , Elsevier, 2012 [ 2 ] Berrah, S. , Abid, H. , Boukortt, A. , Sehil, M. , â€Å"Band spread of three-dimensional AlN, GaN and InN compounds under force per unit areaâ€Å" , Turk J Phys, 30, 513–518, 2006. [ 3 ] Agrawal, G. , â€Å" Fiber-optic Communication Systems † , Wiley Interscience, 2000. [ 4 ] LOEHR, J. , â€Å" Physicss of Strained Quantum Well Lasers † , Springer Science & A ; Business Media, LLC, 1998. [ 5 ] Ivanov, P. S. , Lysak, V. V. , Sukhoivanov, I. A. , â€Å"Advanced theoretical account for simulation of surface-emitting quantum-well optical masersâ€Å" , Int. J. Numer. Model, 14, 379-394, 2001. [ 6 ] Suhara, T. , Semiconductor Laser Fundamentals, Marcel Dekker, Inc. , 2004

Pol 300 class discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Pol 300 class discussions - Assignment Example The next time speculations are such that the games could be held in South Africa and most of the countries that lost will rise up to be future winners. The United States will receive much publicity based on the wide coverage of the players and, marketing of their products to be used in the games. As a result, the per capita will rise. The course has broadened my outlook on international events. The subject introduces various issues that are addressed in world concept and promotes the idea of integration at the international concept. The course raises the perspective of unity, peace, problems, and events where different states come together for a common goal. Events at the international level lead to establishment of networks that promote development and growth (Thomas, 1988). The events also help in the identification of flaws in various states that require attention and amendments as well challenges in the nations that need to be solved. At the same time, international events help in solution of problems since ideas are provided and information is shared. Innovation is also enhanced and new ways of doing things are learnt during these events (Thomas,

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

History - Essay Example Stephen Kinzer in book â€Å"Overthrow† argues that America could have avoided most of these violent military confrontations spending billions of dollars and causing bloodshed and pain by more patient and effective use of diplomacy and its tools of persuasion. â€Å"Modern history makes it eminently clear that when United States engages with oppressive and threatening regimes, using combinations of incentives, threats, punishments and rewards, those regimes slowly becomes less dangerous† (p.320). This statement sums up what the US has to understand if they truly want peace on earth rather than using the military might to overthrow the other countries governments. The author cites the examples of China, the former Soviet Union, South Korea, South Africa as the success stories of effective diplomatic strategy. At the same time one look at the countries that US militarily intervened like, Philippines, Afghanistan, North Korea, Vietnam, Iran and Iraq the results were terribly wrong. In Iran for example in the early 1951, US at the request of the British, removed a fully functional democratic government only to install a dictator. And in Iraq several decades later they did exactly opposite. Both have not worked. Iran became a completely anti-american country with religious leaders as head of state that looks to oppose any American ideas at the world level. Iraq is still smoldering from the chaos of war with violent reactions every now and then. The resentment against US is ever increasing with strong Anti-US propaganda. The author argues that in most of these cases diplomatic and political approaches would have been far more effective. More often than not, the think tank of the US gets impatient and jumps to the conclusion that a â€Å"regime change† is the only answer. What do they do?. They forcefully invade the country with their military might and advanced weaponry, remove the leader of that country and hand its power to someone who will dance to their tunes.

Assignment - Intervention and Assistive Technology

- Intervention and Assistive Technology - Assignment Example In years past, however, it often took a great deal of time before a child was tested for disabilities, and then even more time to properly diagnose the disability and create an individual education plan designed to help the student get back on track academically and socially. This is time wasted that can never be claim. In addition, students are all to often incorrectly diagnosed as having a disability, creating a stigma that is long lasting and causing academic and social difficulties for the student. Response to Intervention (RTI) is that methodology that seeks to solve this issue. The aim of RTI is to provide testing and services to students with disabilities as quickly as possible in an effort to get valuable rehabilitation services set in motion. This paper seeks to explain the process and its importance on the field of education, particularly in the area of special education. Summary of Response to Intervention In essence, response to intervention (RTI) is â€Å"a multilayered system that can prevent academic and social failure before a student is unnecessarily or prematurely identified as having a disability† (Beard, Carpenter, & Johnston, 2011, p. 28). Children today suffer from enough pressure that educators should be cautious about adding to that. Often times, young people have difficulty learning, but they cannot express what they are feeling. While it is important, as professional educators, to intervene and strive to provide any assistance necessary, it is equally important that the child not feel singled out and threatened. Response to Intervention is designed to improve the process by which students with disabilities are tested, diagnosed, and educated. Simply put, RTI is designed to provide needed assistance to students who are having difficulty learning. Response to Intervention is a methodology that dictates this intervention is to be provided as early as possible and in a systematic manner. The goal is to provide help to students that will enable them to succeed academically, rather than failing because certain learning disabilities go undiagnosed. This is accomplished not only through early intervention, but also through frequent progress updates, and by providing researching-based interventions that are meant to help children who continue to experience difficulty learning. In the early days of diagnosing learning disabilities, the focus was on comparing IQ test scores with academic achievement. If there were a discrepancy noted, then children would be further tested to determine if they have some special needs that needed to be accommodated. The problem with this method was that it could take years to let this strategy run its course, during which time the child would likely continue to fail academically and become increasingly frustrated. In order to shorten the time required to intervene and provide children with much needed assistance, RTI was developed in an effort to quickly locate a specific learning disa bility much more quickly than the previous model allowed for. In addition, RTI fits well within the parameters of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004. Educators must be careful, however, when using RTI to ensure that they are truly identifying students who have learning disabilities, and not simply labeling children as such because they are low achievers. The two are not necessarily related, and improperly